92340a19

Rename image metadata stripping helper

Use StripMetadata for the image helper and related callsites so the API names describe the behavior instead of the implementation detail.

Agent Instructions

Each run corresponds to one flake attribute. Click a run for its logs and status.

Example: https://nix-ci.com/cb:mtlynch:little-moments/slice-1/92340a1993b6871ec4d842b7ead14f9a196d05de/c0917f35-8473-4f83-953c-8beac652b22b

Wait for suite to complete:

curl --netrc -N https://nix-ci.com/cb:mtlynch:little-moments/slice-1/92340a1993b6871ec4d842b7ead14f9a196d05de/wait

This page is also available in machine-friendly formats. Request one with the Accept header:

• curl --netrc -H 'Accept: application/json' https://nix-ci.com/cb:mtlynch:little-moments/slice-1/92340a1993b6871ec4d842b7ead14f9a196d05de
• curl --netrc -H 'Accept: text/markdown' https://nix-ci.com/cb:mtlynch:little-moments/slice-1/92340a1993b6871ec4d842b7ead14f9a196d05de

For more instructions, fetch https://nix-ci.com/instructions .